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Geography
Built in the midst of vineyards in the heart of the dpartement of Hrault in the Monts Ramus, and on the banks of the Hrault river, Bessan is a mainly agricultural village, known for its wine. In the past, wines and spirits were shipped from its port.
Located a few kilometres from the sea, Bessan today attracts tourists in search of calm. It is also appreciated for its charming historical centre, a thousand years old, for its rich Christmas traditions, for summer meals at the Guinguette and under the poplars, or for tours of the Ricard distillery and Cactus Park.
Its position at an exit of the A9 motorway has brought companies and increased prosperity into the area.
With 4100 inhabitants, Bessan is now a village known for its services, local dynamics and associations.
History
Around 600 BC, Greeks settled in Bessan on the oppidum of Monadire to trade.
In 218 BC Hannibal, Carthaginian general, crossed the region with his army and war elephants to attack the Romans, passing between Bessan and Montblanc.
In 408-409 AD Bziers, Agde and the region were ransacked by an army of Germans (Burgundians, Suevi, Vandals), Slavs (Alain) and other tribes.
In 737, Charles Martel entered the province at the head of the French, temporarily pushing the Saracens, destroying Beziers, Agde and the surrounding countryside so that they could not return to fortify them.
To 1050-1100, building began of the fortified village of Bessan.
In 1209, the Crusader army, led by Simon de Montfort, seized the region under the pretext of hunting the Cathars, and ten years later the castles of Bessan and Touroulle and become the property of his son Amaury.
In 1278, the Bessans had already obtained from their seigneur the right to elect consuls (mayors) to deal with political affairs.
In 1348, plague killed a large proportion of the population. It returned several times thereafter.
On the 30 October 1587, Antoine Scipio, the new Duke of Joyeuse and leader of the Catholics, took advantage of the governor of Languedoc's absence in the Tarn with his army, seized and looted Bessan.
In 1851, during the coup of Napoleon III, a cannon was pointed at the Grand'rue and thirty republic Bessanais were deported.
In 1907, the Bessanais were actively involved in the Midi wine revolt.
In November 1942, German troops entered and occupied Bessan. They fled in August 1944, after the Allied landing in Provence.
Sites and monuments
Town Hall
The old building being too small, it was decided to build a new Hotel de ville (town hall) on the site of one of rampart towers and part of the moats. This was done by 1777. The current town hall is located in the very heart of the village. A bell tower was added in 1847 for a clock. The extra weight of the bell tower necessitated the strengthening of the existing vault creating arcades.
The municipal council sits in the old ramparts tower, now known as a room for meetings and marriages. Within this room is a bronze Marianne by Georges Saupique.
St. Peter's Church
City hall
St Peter's Church (glise Saint-Pierre ) already existed in 990, then called Saint-Pierre-aux-Liens. It was in poor condition when, in 1070, it was given to the abbey of Saint-Thibry by the Bishop of Agde, to undergo works. Around 1100, the following bishop gave the church to the abbots of La Chaise-Dieu. They immediately started the construction of a new church with the apse composed of five stretches of wall with semi-circular collonettess in the Auvergnat style.
The abbots of Saint-Thibry who received tithes from Bessan were not happy. After a trial lasting almost forty years, during which the pope, passing through the region, would have visited Bessan, they managed to recover the church while still under construction.
The tower seems to have been built later, perhaps in the second half of the 14th century, following the sacking of Bessan by the governor of Languedoc. The side chapels were built as or when needed or desired. Those of the choir date from 1338 and 1341. The adjoining chapels are from 1360 and 1475. The four other chapels, nearer the entrance are from 1624, 1628, 1652 and 1662.
Originally, the Romanesque openings, were narrow. Larger windows were installedin 1764 in the upper part of the nave. They are now enhanced with stained glass by Louis Victor Gesta who had his workshop at Toulouse between 1850 and 1880.
In 1993, with a new restoration of the church, the brick vault of the nave, dating from 1760, was demolished. The work revealed the original woodwork structure, with coloured rafters and beams with sculptures of human heads at their extremities, as well as the existing opening in the vault of the choir.
The Romantic organ, constructed by Baptist Puget in 1879 in his Toulouse workshop, was restored in 1986 and 1994. The wooden bell tower supporting the main bell, being in poor condition, was to be restored in 2004 under a partnership between village, state, rgion and department.
The oldest bell in Hrault
Rebuilt in 1787, the point of the brick steeple was damaged by lightning in 1886. It was intended to demolish it quickly because of the danger it posed, but this was only done in 1938, after a piece of iron fell during a storm in 1936. As the current steeple was being installed, the opportunity was taken to demolish the room containing the clock and to install its bell at the top of the bell tower.
At the start of the 18th century, the tower had five bells. Today, no more than two remain: the dcadaire bell, cast 1567 (and recast for its tercentenary), and the bell once used to strike the hour, cast in 1388. The latter is known to be the oldest in Hrault.
The other three bells were lowered in 1791 and sent to Bziers to be turned into cannons.
Walls and Saint-Pierre gate
Saint Pierre Church
By studying the cadastral map of 1835 and going on the ground, local historians have tried to find the location of the ramparts which were largely destroyed or covered in houses in the second half of the 18th century. From the Saint-Pierre gate, the wall seems to follow the facades of the rue des Soleillers. It was reinforced with a tower at the rue de la Brche; this tower, ruined, was demolished to build the street. Traces of the ramparts are found in the rue porte Douille where, as its name suggests, there was a gate. The ramparts then form the back of large buildings and shops overlooking the boulevard de la Libert. It is then visible at the bottom of the impasse de Labeille where it is reinforced with a square tower, and at the bottom of the impasse des Mijoulanes.
Emerging into the rue de la Rpublique, it was fitted with a gate protected by a square tower now serving as the meeting room of the council. Beyond this line, which continues along rue de l'Hospice or de l'Olivier, the presence of many dead-ends suggests there was a first line of ramparts covering only part of the historic centre. During the Albigensian crusade, the order was apparently given to the fortified villages in the region to demolish their walls. In the 1340s, amid rumours that the English were about to invade the Languedoc, the Bessanais rebuilt or repaired their walls, an operation which was resumed between 1365 and 1369.
In 1587, Montmorency requested that repairs be made to the drawbridge at the Saint-Pierre gate, a gate which today is the jewel of the forgotten ramparts.
Architectural heritage of old Bessan
The book Bessan au fil du temp lists all of the interesting architectural heritage of Bessan history, including:
Window mullion from the late Gothic (around 1480) in the rue de la Rpublique.
Restored medieval house in the rue des Cours
Door and balcony of about 1830 in the rue du Four
The interior of a 1770 mansion in the rue de l'Opra (staircase and patio)
Place de la Salle promenade and Christmas
In the 16th century, because of a lack of space inside the ramparts, Bessanais athletes met on the Jeu de Ballon (pitch) at the foot of the walls.
In 1856, the municipality decided to transform the land into a public walkway at the bottom of which was built, a few years later, an old people's home or nursery school.
In 1893, the Promenade was redeveloped. The former parapet of the old pitch was demolished and replaced by wide pavements for the benefit of street vendors on market days.
In the late 1950s, the retirement home, abandoned, was destroyed. It was replaced by a community centre in 1956. The building consists of a large main dance hall without bar and a huge balcony for performances taking place on the stage. This balcony was transformed into a meeting room in the early 1980s, and at the same time, Fernandez Brenes painted the murals located on each side of the stage.
Place de la Rpublique
To create an open space between the church and the town hall, in 1857 the municipality bought a block called Ile Saint-Jaume and demolished it to create the Place de Peyrou. A cast iron statue of the Republic, commissioned in 1885 and previously placed at the entrance to the Promenade to replace a tree of liberty, was embellished in 1894 with a monumental fountain. The place was renamed Place de la Rpublique.
In 1973, the municipality demolished the fountain whose limestone was in poor condition. It was replaced with a concrete monument decorated d with a small bronze bust of Marianne.
In 1988, the concrete structure was removed and replaced with an imitation of the monumental fountain with basins and planters. The area was paved with cobblestones.
Place de la Fontaine
In the early 19th century, the waters of the Fontvieille spring flowed in a paved ditch to a basin located on the Place de la Fontaine, on the edge of the rue des Caves. This source is now in the rue Petite Fontvieille and flows in a large drain built on the site of the ditch.
In 1827, the water source being insufficient in summer, the municipality dug a well, in the middle of the square, and built a monumental fountain.
In 1944-1945, the Liberation Committee ordered the demolition of the fountain, whose stones had been eroded by moisture, and built public toilets underground. The disused hospice, on the back of the Place de la Fontaine, was demolished from 1963. The surrounding houses were bought and demolished to enlarge the square and toallow the construction of a modern building comprising office, shops and housing. The project was approved in 1967 and work was completed in 1970. Paul Azema, a Bessan artist, completed the main facade with ceramics.
Place de la Fontaine, very friendly, is now a place of relaxation and welcome part of the traditional market on Sunday.
Cross Mission
The mission is a period of three weeks to one month during which come from preachers, to recruit new parishioners. Sometimes, during a mission, a cross is raised. As its name suggests, the cross at the end of rue de la Porte Saint-Pierre was raised on the occasion of a mission. Which remains elusive. It seems that originally it was located near the church. It will then be moved to current location in 1785. If you believe the company that restored the cross in the 1980s, the base basalt dating from the time of Louis XIV, but the wrought iron cross and the Holy christ would be less old. As to that cockerel used to weathercocked already at the top of the cross in the nineteenth century, it will be stolen in April 1999.
The war memorials
By the end of the 1914-1918 war, the town plans to build a monument in honor of the dead Bessans for France, and contacts with the famous sculptor Jean Antoine Injalbert. Several of the letters, dating from 1921, we learn that he has made two sketches for Bessan but it lacks the time to start the work. Beginning 1923, to begin the monument Bziers, he thinks he can lead the two front yards. But, tired of waiting, the city turns to Auguste Azma which, in 1922, is responsible for the erection of a shrine to the dead for the homeland, or war memorials in the cemetery. This building will be completed in 1924. The following year, it will be Augustus Azma asked to build a memorial to children Bessan died for France, or the Victory Monument, to be completed in 1926. On these two works are engraved the names of Bessans died for France in 1914-1918, that of Victory will be added those of other wars: 1939-1945, Indochina war, war in Algeria.
Notre Dame des Vignes
The Virgin of Notre-Dame des Vignes, financed by public subscription, is located at the intersection of Victor Hugo streets and old school in 1982 at the request of the priest Raymond Combes. Work of J. S. Hartmann and E. Boissier, it was inaugurated by the bishop of Montpellier on 5 December 1982. According to some, it protects Bessan of agricultural disasters that have devastated some nearby villages (hail, frost).
Saint-Laurent Touroulle
The chapel of Saint-Laurent is a part, the medieval, the former village of Touroulle, located between Bessan and Vias. This church is built around the first half of the eleventh century on the site of an ancient Roman villa, but also along a path ancient road called Mercadal, who joined the oppidum Monadire to port said the Canaleta, located between the beach Portiragnes and Vias. The presence of two very large blocks of basalt suggests that this was, originally a pagan temple. Transformed, it seems, in the twelfth or thirteenth century, La Chapelle Saint-Laurent is probably abandoned, along with the rest of the village, during the Wars of Religion. In 1938, during excavations by Father Thomas, a sarcophagus is found in the chapel. A sarcophagus containing a skeleton and two small Roman burial urns. IT will be transported in the garden of the presbytery of Bessan where it is. The chapel has avoided little destruction during the passage of the expressway connecting the toll highway in Cap d'Agde, but part of its Visigothic cemetery is destroyed. She will undergo another outrage in 2001, this time due to looters stones. Note that there are many other chapels in the territory of Bessan: Affrie, Saint-Claude, Penitents gray, Saint-Martin de Caillan, Father Grange, Castle chapel Brignac ...
Local Tourism
Moulin Bladier on Hrault
The mill Bladier of Bessan lies on the banks of the river Hrault on the outskirts of the village. It is neo-Romanesque, Gothic preacher. It is fortified by openings machicolation and niches which is accessed by a walk. Two walls with balistrarias and a spiral staircase that starts just two meters from the ground to impede the attackers, complete the defense system. The mill used to grind wheat, that Bessans Viassois and bring on a donkey or on a cart pulled by a mule, thanks to six grinding wheels operated by a system of vertical wheels. The mill activity slows with the development of the vineyard. It will serve for the last time to 1855 to crush blocks suffers imported from Sicily and intended to treat the vine against the mildew. Prevailed in part 1977, in a flood of Herault, it is completely disfigured in 1994 during the construction of the dam conducted at the request of the pumping station Andr Filliol of Florensac and the union of Lower Languedoc, station that supplies drinking water much of the department. In 1998, the municipality organizes an exhibition and tours of the mill and, aided by the Heritage Foundation, managed to attract regional television.
Ramus
The first eruption of volcanoes Bessan - St. Thibry begins with projections of ash that are deposited in layers thin and brittle, called tuff. Then, violent explosions plan in the air particles of debris mixed with gas, which are accumulating in the three mountains. These stones holes because of gas bubbles, called pozzolan, sometimes with the speed, tapered shape of bombs that may have the size of a nucleus of olive or weigh tens of kilograms. During the last eruption, there are about 650,000 years of lava flowing from cracks located at the foot of mountains, forming a plateau basalt of one kilometre radius and a dozen meters thick, including a end is with the craft and the other dominates St. Thibry. Of the three mountains, said only that "Saint-Claude", which is the smallest and closest Bessan, is over. In 1973, the central cone with a windmill called the "Tour" is razed, and pozzolan which is extracted serves as a highway embankment under construction. The third cone, located at the edge of Bessan on the territory of Saint-Thibry is operated long used its stones to build houses and walls closing the village until the early twentieth century. As the shelf, it provides for centuries basalt necessary for the construction, stone streets ...
The plateau basalt Mountains Ramus is operated at several locations on the town. At the career of Languedoc, you can still discover a quirk of nature, namely a "pink stone" that must be the way the lava has cast itself.
Base recreation of the Guinguette
Place of leisure excellent, the basis of Guinguette is located on the banks of the River Herault. Each summer, dances were held and a bar and restaurant is open to anyone who wants to have a good time on the river. Many activities are also proposed: electric boat ride, rent a pedal boat and fishing It is equipped with a bank empierre, floating pontoons, toilets, stage, dance floor, lighted parking. Recreation area of poplar The leisure area of poplar Victor Goudou is located on the road to Marseillan, near the city center. It is a place of leisure for all which includes games for children and a foot - basketball and roller. There are also bowling municipal, local Bessanaise the ball and a dance where meals are organized around the bar associations.
Dock and wharf Marius
Near the bridge across the Herault and the leisure of Guinguette, a relaxing meal was built in 2000. The Quai Marius is also equipped with a landing on the Herault allowing fishermen access to the river and the launching of small pleasure craft.
Global Development Center Ricard
In 1959, the Mills Midi, near the wine cooperative, are redeemed by Paul Ricard, which continues the production of grape juice, marketed under the trademark "Bendor". The grape juice has not been satisfactory in terms of marketing, Bessan leaders to save the factory, moved to Paul Ricard, which can not satisfy a big demand, producing Ricard. The 1 (()) er June 1965, the first bottle of Ricard fate of the plant bessanaise. Until 1980, the anetol (in the product Ricard) is purchased on the French market. For the sake of quality, the company decides to produce anetol Bessan from gasoline anise from China or Vietnam, and fennel grown in the Tarn. A column correction installed on site. The same is true for the rule who first bought powder is then bought stick in the south of Italy, Turkey, Lebanon and crushed into chips Bessan then plunged into a alcoholic solution to extract juice used in the Ricard. Bessan becomes the global preparation of commodities for the manufacture of Ricard, which is kept secret manufacture of concentrated aromatic group. Since the 1990s, many factories are closed Ricard and development center Bessan sees its forecast production increase. In 2000, the new channel, fully automated, will leave 80,000 bottles per day. A production should quickly exceed the 100,000 bottles that can be stored in the new premises created in 2000. The company Ricard launched in 1999 in the industrial tourism and guided tours are offered to the public. They are being abandoned because of technical and security related to increased production.
Other points of interest
Cactus Park
See also
Communes of the Hrault department
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bessan
INSEE commune file
^ Michel Sabatry et Stphane Ppin Bessan au fil du temp
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Communes of the Hrault department of France
Abeilhan Adissan Agde Agel Agons Aigne Aigues-Vives Les Aires Alignan-du-Vent Aniane Arboras Argelliers Aspiran Assas Assignan Aumelas Aumes Autignac Avne Azillanet Babeau-Bouldoux Baillargues Balaruc-les-Bains Balaruc-le-Vieux Bassan Beaufort Beaulieu Bdarieux Blarga Berlou Bessan Bziers Boisseron Boisset La Boissire Le Bosc Boujan-sur-Libron Le Bousquet-d'Orb Bouzigues Brenas Brignac Brissac Buzignargues Cabrerolles Cabrires Cambon-et-Salvergues Campagnan Campagne Camplong Candillargues Canet Capestang Carlencas-et-Levas Cassagnoles Castanet-le-Haut Castelnau-de-Guers Castelnau-le-Lez Castries La Caunette Causse-de-la-Selle Causses-et-Veyran Caussiniojouls Caux Le Caylar Cazedarnes Cazevieille Cazilhac Cazouls-d'Hrault Cazouls-ls-Bziers Cbazan Ceilhes-et-Rocozels Celles Cers Cessenon-sur-Orb Cesseras Ceyras Clapiers Claret Clermont-l'Hrault Colombires-sur-Orb Colombiers Combaillaux Combes Corneilhan Coulobres Courniou Cournonsec Cournonterral Creissan Le Crs Le Cros Cruzy Dio-et-Valquires Espondeilhan Fabrgues Faugres Flines-Minervois Ferrals-les-Montagnes Ferrires-les-Verreries Ferrires-Poussarou Florensac Fontans Fonts Fos Fouzilhon Fozires Fraisse-sur-Agout Frontignan Gabian Galargues Ganges Garrigues Gigean Gignac Gornis Grabels Graissessac La Grande-Motte Guzargues Hrpian Jacou Joncels Jonquires Juvignac Lacoste Lagamas Lamalou-les-Bains Lansargues Laroque Lattes Laurens Lauret Lauroux Lavalette Lavrune Lespignan Lzignan-la-Cbe Liausson Lieuran-Cabrires Lieuran-ls-Bziers Lignan-sur-Orb La Livinire Lodve Loupian Lunas Lunel Lunel-Viel Magalas Maraussan Margon Marseillan Marsillargues Mas-de-Londres Les Matelles Mauguio Maureilhan Mrifons Mze Minerve Mireval Mons Montady Montagnac Montarnaud Montaud Montbazin Montblanc Montels Montesquieu Montferrier-sur-Lez Montouliers Montoulieu Montpellier Montpeyroux Mouls-et-Baucels Mourze Mudaison Murles Murviel-ls-Bziers Murviel-ls-Montpellier Nbian Neffis Nzignan-l'vque Nissan-lez-Enserune Nizas Notre-Dame-de-Londres Octon Olargues Olmet-et-Villecun Olonzac Oupia Pailhs Palavas-les-Flots Pardailhan Paulhan Pgairolles-de-Buges Pgairolles-de-l'Escalette Pret Prols Pzenas Pznes-les-Mines Pierrerue Pignan Pinet Plaissan Les Plans Poilhes Pomrols Popian Portiragnes Le Pouget Poujols Le Poujol-sur-Orb Poussan Pouzolles Pouzols Le Pradal Prades-le-Lez Prades-sur-Vernazobre Prmian Le Puech Puchabon Puilacher Puimisson Puissalicon Puisserguier Quarante Restinclires Rieussec Riols Les Rives Romiguires Roquebrun Roqueredonde Roquessels Rosis Rouet Roujan Saint-Andr-de-Buges Saint-Andr-de-Sangonis Saint-Auns Saint-Bauzille-de-la-Sylve Saint-Bauzille-de-Montmel Saint-Bauzille-de-Putois Saint-Brs Saint-Chinian Saint-Christol Saint-Clment-de-Rivire Saint-Drzry Sainte-Croix-de-Quintillargues Saint-tienne-d'Albagnan Saint-tienne-de-Gourgas Saint-tienne-Estrchoux Saint-Flix-de-l'Hras Saint-Flix-de-Lodez Saint-Gly-du-Fesc Saint-Genis-de-Fontedit Saint-Genis-des-Mourgues Saint-Genis-de-Varensal Saint-Georges-d'Orques Saint-Gervais-sur-Mare Saint-Guilhem-le-Dsert Saint-Guiraud Saint-Hilaire-de-Beauvoir Saint-Jean-de-Buges Saint-Jean-de-Cornies Saint-Jean-de-Cuculles Saint-Jean-de-Fos Saint-Jean-de-la-Blaquire Saint-Jean-de-Minervois Saint-Jean-de-Vdas Saint-Julien Saint-Just Saint-Martin-de-l'Aron Saint-Martin-de-Londres Saint-Mathieu-de-Trviers Saint-Maurice-Navacelles Saint-Michel Saint-Nazaire-de-Ladarez Saint-Nazaire-de-Pzan Saint-Pargoire Saint-Paul-et-Valmalle Saint-Pierre-de-la-Fage Saint-Pons-de-Mauchiens Saint-Pons-de-Thomires Saint-Privat Saint-Saturnin-de-Lucian Saint-Sris Saint-Thibry Saint-Vincent-de-Barbeyrargues Saint-Vincent-d'Olargues Salasc La Salvetat-sur-Agout Saturargues Saussan Saussines Sauteyrargues Sauvian Srignan Servian Ste Siran Sorbs Soubs Le Souli Soumont Sussargues Taussac-la-Billire Teyran Thzan-ls-Bziers Tourbes La Tour-sur-Orb Tressan Le Triadou Usclas-d'Hrault Usclas-du-Bosc La Vacquerie-et-Saint-Martin-de-Castries Vacquires Vailhan Vailhauqus Valergues Valflauns Valmascle Valras-Plage Valros Vlieux Vendargues Vendmian Vendres Vrargues Verreries-de-Moussans Vias Vic-la-Gardiole Vieussan Villemagne-l'Argentire Villeneuve-ls-Bziers Villeneuve-ls-Maguelone Villeneuvette Villespassans Villetelle Villeveyrac Viols-en-Laval Viols-le-Fort
Categories: Communes of HraultHidden categories: Rough translations
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